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Verpa bohemica
''Verpa bohemica'' is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae. Commonly known as the early morel (or early false morel) or the wrinkled thimble-cap, it is one of several species known informally as a "false morel". The mushroom has a pale yellow or brown thimble-shaped cap— in diameter by long—that has a surface wrinkled and ribbed with brain-like convolutions. The cap hangs from the top of a lighter-colored, brittle stem that measures up to long by thick. Microscopically, the mushroom is distinguished by its large spores, typically 60–80 by 15–18 µm, and the presence of only two spores per ascus.
In the field, the mushroom is reliably distinguished from the true morels on the basis of cap attachment: ''V. bohemica'' has a cap that hangs completely free from the stem. Although widely considered edible, consumption of the mushroom is generally not advised due to reports of poisoning in susceptible individuals. Poisoning symptoms include gastrointestinal upset and lack of muscular coordination. ''V. bohemica'' is found in northern North America, Europe, and Asia. It fruits in early spring, growing on the ground in woods following the snowmelt, before the appearance of "true morels" (genus ''Morchella''). The synonym ''Ptychoverpa bohemica'' is often used by European mycologists.
==Taxonomy, phylogeny, and naming==
The species was first described in the scientific literature by the Czech physician and mycologist Julius Vincenz von Krombholz in 1828, under the name ''Morchella bohemica''.〔 The German naturalist Joseph Schröter transferred it to the genus ''Verpa'' in 1893.〔 ''Ptychoverpa bohemica'' is a synonym that was published by Frenchman Jean Louis Émile Boudier in his 1907 treatise on the Discomycetes of Europe;〔 the name is still occasionally used, especially in European publications.〔 Boudier believed that the large, curved ascospores and the rare and short paraphyses were sufficiently distinct to warrant a new genus to contain the single species.〔〔 ''Ptychoverpa'' has also been classified as a section of ''Verpa''.〔 The section is characterized by the presence of thick longitudinal ridges on the cap that can be simple or forked.〔
The specific epithet ''bohemica'' refers to Bohemia (now a part of the Czech Republic),〔 where Krombholz originally collected the species.〔 The mushroom is commonly known as the "early morel",〔 "early false morel", or the "wrinkled thimble-cap".〔 ''Ptychoverpa'' is derived from the Ancient Greek ''ptyx'' (genitive form ''ptychos''), meaning "fold", layer", or "plate".〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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